銆銆涓婚┚椹惰礋璐ｄ汉绂诲緱鏈杩戯紝鏁忛攼鍦板療瑙夊埌涓涓濅笉鍚屽诲父鐨勬皵鎭锛岀珛椹瑕佹妸璇濋樿浆璧般
銆銆浣嗚韩鏃佺殑鐢蜂汉鍗存伆濂芥ゆ椂鏀惰捣鎵嬫満锛屾极涓嶇粡蹇冨湴寮鍙ｃ
銆銆鈥滈檰浠ユ槉锛屼綘鍘昏繃闄囧煄锛屼綘鐭ラ亾閭ｉ噷鐨勪汉閮藉湪瑙勮勭煩鎷掓棩瀛愩備綘涔熺煡閬擄紝閭ｇ嶆棩瀛愯窡浣犳病鍏崇郴锛屾墍浠ラ偅娆′綘寰堣交鏉俱備綘鎵嬮噷鐨勯棽閽卞熼偅閲屼竴涓瀹跺涵鑺卞崄杈堝瓙锛屼粬浠瑕佹兂鎵鹃檰钑撮偅鏍风殑寰嬪笀鎵撳畼鍙革紝鏀掗挶涓嶇煡閬撴敀澶氫箙銆備粬浠涓嶆噿鎯帮紝鍙鏄娌￠偅涔堝ソ鐨勮繍姘斻傚傛灉浣犵敤閽辩牳杩欎簺浜猴紝浠栦滑澶ф傜巼浼氫綆澶淬傚傛灉濂逛笉鎯虫惌鐞嗕綘锛岀湅鍦ㄤ綘濮撻檰鐨勪唤涓婏紝鐪嬪湪濂硅繕鏈変竴鍫嗙牬浜嬫病瑙ｅ喅瀹岀殑浠戒笂锛屽綋鐒朵細鍖鍑烘椂闂存潵璺熶綘鍛ㄦ棆銆備綘鎯虫崲浠涔堟牱鐨勫コ鏈嬪弸闅忎究浣狅紝浣嗕綘灏辫繖涔堢埍鐜╁効鍚楋紵灏辫繖涔堝枩娆㈠埆浜烘惌涓婂疂璐垫椂闂撮櫔浣犵帺鍎垮悧锛熲
銆銆姊佸紜鍛ㄨ姘旇交娣★紝鍗村儚涓涓閲嶇呯偢寮癸紝鐐哥殑杞﹂噷鍗婂ぉ娌℃湁澹伴煶銆
銆銆闄嗕互鏄婃劊浣忋
銆銆鈥滄垜涓嶆槸鈥斺斺
銆銆涓嶆槸浠涔堬紵闄嗕互鏄婃兂鍙嶉┏鐨勭灛闂达紝涔熸剰璇嗗埌姊佸紜鍛ㄨ寸殑娌￠敊銆
銆銆浠栧彧鏄鎯宠皥璋堟亱鐖憋紝鎭嬬埍涔堬紝鏈夎叮涓鐐癸紝杞绘澗涓鐐瑰氨鍙浠ヤ簡銆傝嚦浜庝互鍚庯紝璇村緱闅惧惉鐐癸紝浠栫殑濠氬Щ骞朵笉鐢变粬鑷宸卞仛涓伙紝鍝鏉ヤ粈涔堜互鍚庛
銆銆鈥滃ソ浜嗗晩锛屽皬闄嗕篃涓嶆槸鏁呮剰鐨勩傗
銆銆寰愭笂鎵撲簡涓涓や釜鍝嶆寚锛屾湁浜涙棤濂堬紝鍐叉佸紜鍛ㄩ亾锛氣滀綘涔熷皯璇翠袱鍙ャ傗
銆銆鈥滈偅鈥︹︿綘鍙堣窡宕旈挵浠涔堝叧绯伙紝鍦ㄨ繖閲屾暀鑲叉垜銆傗
銆銆铏界劧姊佸紜鍛ㄨ寸殑娌￠敊锛岄檰浠ユ槉杩樻槸涓嶅靠鍦伴《浜嗗彞鍢淬
銆銆姣曠珶杞﹂噷杩樻湁鍏朵粬浜哄憿锛岄潪瑕佽磋瘽鍚楋紝涓嶈兘鍙戠煭淇″悧锛
銆銆姊佸紜鍛ㄦ病鍥炵瓟銆
銆銆杞﹀湪澶滆壊閲岄炲旓紝楂橀熶笂鐨勭伅甯﹂棯鐑佷技绻佹槦銆
銆銆澶у剁瓑浜嗕細鍎匡紝鎰熻夊簲璇ヤ笉浼氬啀鍥炵瓟浜嗭紝鍗村張鍚瑙佺敺浜哄紑鍙ｏ紝璇璋冩叺鎳掋
銆銆鈥滄牎鍙嬨傗
銆銆鈥︹
銆銆锛
銆銆杩樻尯鑷璞銆
銆銆寰愭笂鏃犲０鍙瑰彛姘旓紝璁ゅ懡鍦版帴杩囦簡鎵灏惧伐浣滐紝鎷嶄簡鎷嶆帉蹇冿細鈥滆蛋浜嗚蛋浜嗭紝绛変細鍎垮滃靛滈厭閮芥槸鎴戣峰锛岄殢渚挎寫鍝堬紝鑰侀挶浣犳崱璐电殑鍘汇傗
銆銆杩欐櫄锛屾佸紜鍛ㄥ枬浜嗕笉灏戯紝娌￠唹锛屽彧鏄鍧愬湪鍚у彴鏈瑙掕惤锛岃瘽寰堝皯銆傛渶鍚庡緪娓婅繃鏉ユ媿鎷嶄粬鐨勮偐锛屼綆澹伴棶閬擄細鈥滀綘鍒板簳鎬庝箞鎯崇殑銆傗
銆銆浠栨憞浜嗘憞閰掓澂锛屾敞瑙嗙潃娣￠噾鑹茬殑濞佸＋蹇岃交鏅冦
銆銆鈥滀綘瑙夊緱鎴戣寸殑鏈夐亾鐞嗗悧锛熲
銆銆寰愭笂锛氣滃綋鐒躲傗
銆銆浠栧洖寰楀緢涓ヨ們銆備粬鐭ラ亾姊佸紜鍛ㄤ粖澶╂病寮鐜╃瑧鐨勫績鎬濄
銆銆鈥滈偅鎴戜篃璇ョ収鍋氥傗
銆銆姊佸紜鍛ㄥ緢杞诲湴绗戜簡绗戙
銆銆浠栨妸鏉涓浣欓厭涓楗鑰屽敖锛屾帉蹇冨瑰栵紝涓涓鎴忚皯鐨勬姇闄嶅Э鍔裤
銆銆鈥滄斁寮冧簡銆傗
銆銆姊佸紜鍛ㄨ交宸ц村畬锛岀湁澶村井鎸戯紝鍐插緪娓婃憜鎽嗘墜锛氣滄垜鍏堝洖鍘讳簡銆傛槑澶╄併傗
銆銆*
銆銆宕旈挵鍚浜嗛儜濮垮瘨鐨勫缓璁锛岃窡鍘熼Θ鐨勭彮涓讳换璇蜂簡鍋囷紝缁欏ス涔颁簡鏃犱汉闄浼寸殑椋炴満绁锛屾墭鏄ュЖ鎶婂ス閫佸埌閲戝煄鐨勯炴満鍦恒
銆銆閭ｅ満鍝侀壌浼氬欢杩熶簡涔濆ぉ銆
銆銆浜庢槸鎺ヤ笅鏉ヤ竴鍛锛屽ス杈瑰勭悊宸ヤ綔杈规暣鐞嗘堜欢璧勬枡锛岃吘鍑烘椂闂磋繕甯﹀師棣ㄥ幓鐜╀簡濂藉嚑涓鍦版柟銆傜害涓婁簡鏁呭锛屾棭璧峰幓鐪嬩簡鍗囨棗锛岃繕鍦ㄤ粈鍒规捣娉涜垷锛屽師棣ㄦ渶鍠滄㈡渶鍚庝竴椤规椿鍔锛屽幓浜嗕笁娆￠兘涓嶇儲锛岃繕濂藉ス浠浣忕殑绂婚紦妤间篃涓嶈繙銆
銆銆鈥滀綘杩欑簿鍔涙棤鏁屼簡锛屸
銆銆閮戝Э瀵掓棭涓婁粠瀹堕噷杩囨潵閰掑簵鏉ヨ窡濂瑰紑浼氱板ご锛岀鍥涙＄洰閫佸磾閽板嚭鍙戜粈鍒规捣鏃舵劅鎱锛
銆銆鈥滀粖澶╄繖娓╁害锛屾潃浜嗘垜鎴戦兘涓嶄細鍑哄幓銆備笉鎬曢粦涓涓搴﹀晩锛熲
銆銆鈥滃搸锛屼汉鍠滄㈠槢銆傗
銆銆宕旈挵鎴翠簡涓楦鑸屽附锛屽彛缃╀篃娌″甫锛岃存槸涓轰簡閬垮厤鑴告檼鎴愪袱涓鑹层
銆銆璇寸潃锛屾姮鎵嬫崗浜嗘崗鍘熼Θ鐨勫皬缇婅掕精锛岀湁鐪奸棿娴鍑哄嚑鍒嗗疇婧恒
銆銆鈥滃枩娆㈠氶毦寰楋紝鏄涓嶏紵鈥
銆銆娓告箹鍒颁竴鍗婏紝宕旈挵鎺ュ埌涓涓鐭淇★紝濂规剰澶栧湴鎸戞寫鐪夈
銆銆寰愭笂銆
銆銆杩欎竴鍛ㄤ粬浠鏄剧劧鏄鐪熷繖锛屽ス鍦ㄨ储缁忔澘鍧楃湅鍒颁簡鐩涢愮殑鍚嶅彿锛屽垰鍙 ipo 鎴愬姛浜嗐
銆銆姊佸紜鍛ㄦ洿鏄娌℃湁鍗婄偣闊充俊锛屼笉杩囪瘽璇村洖鏉ワ紝娌￠煶淇℃墠鏄姝ｅ父鐨勩
銆銆宕旈挵锛氣滄庝箞浜嗭紵鈥
銆銆寰愭笂锛氣滃皬宕旓紝浣犺繕鍦ㄥ寳浜鍚楋紵鈥
銆銆宕旈挵锛氣滃棷锛屽湪鍟娿傗
銆銆寰愭笂锛氣滄垜鈥︹﹀搸锛屾槸杩欐牱锛屾垜鍋氫腑闂翠汉锛屾湁浜烘槑澶╂兂璇蜂綘鍚冧釜楗锛屽氨鏄灏忛檰閭ｈ竟銆備粬娌′粈涔堝潖蹇冿紝鎴戞兂灏辨槸瑕佹渶鍚庣‘璁や竴涓嬶紝鎵嶅ソ姝诲績銆備笉杩囪翠綘瑕佹槸涓嶆効鎰忥紝鐩存帴鎷掔粷灏辫屼簡銆傗
銆銆鈥滄诲績锛熲
銆銆宕旈挵涓鑴戦棬鐨勬睏锛屾姮鎵嬫摝鎺夛紝浠婂ぉ澶闃宠繕鏇寸儓浜嗭紝鐢熷瓨鍗辨満涓嬶紝鍙嶅簲閮芥參鍑犵掞細鈥滃櫌锛岄檰浠ユ槉锛熲
銆銆濂圭湅浜嗙湅鏃ョ▼锛氣滃嚑鐐癸紵涓嬪崍涓鐐瑰墠鍙浠ョ殑銆傗
銆銆寰愭笂浼间箮鏈夌偣鎯婅讹細鈥滄垜杩樹互涓轰綘浼氭嫆缁濄傗
銆銆鈥滈檰钑存槸浠栧愬愶紝鎴戣繕鏈夋眰浜庝汉銆傗
銆銆宕旈挵鍧﹁崱寰楀緢銆
銆銆鈥溾︹︿粬杩樼湡浜嗚В浣犮傗
銆銆寰愭笂灏忓０閬撱
銆銆宕旈挵娌″惉娓咃細鈥滀粈涔堬紵鈥
銆銆鈥滄病浜嬪効銆傞偅鏃堕棿鍦扮偣鎴戝埌鏃跺欏彂缁欎綘銆傗
銆銆寰愭笂椤夸簡椤匡細鈥滀綘杩樻湁浠涔堟兂闂鐨勫悧锛熸垜鑳藉洖绛旂殑涓瀹氬洖绛斻傗
銆銆宕旈挵涔熷揩鍒板哺浜嗭紝鎶婂師棣ㄥ厛閫佷笂鍘伙紝娌夊悷浜嗗嚑绉掞細鈥滀綘浠姊佹伙紝杩樻椿鐫鍚э紵鈥
銆銆寰愭笂锛氣溾︹︾洰鍓嶆槸鐨勩傗
銆銆宕旈挵锛氣滈偅灏辫屻傛病闂棰樹簡锛岃緵鑻︿綘浼犺瘽浜嗭紝璋㈣阿鍟娿傗
銆銆鏅氫笂锛岄儜濮垮瘨甯︾潃鍎垮瓙灏忕弬鍜屽師棣ㄤ竴璧峰嚭鍘伙紝鍖呮徑淇╁╁瓙鐨勬櫄楗鍜岄キ鍚庢椿鍔锛岀粰宕旈挵涓鐐瑰枠鎭绌洪棿銆
銆銆宕旈挵鍦ㄥ栧ご杞浜嗗湀锛屾病浠涔堣儍鍙ｏ紝鍙堟兂鍠濈偣鍎匡紝璺杩囦究鍒╁簵涔颁簡涓夊皬鐡堕厭娣风潃鍠濆畬锛屼究鏃╂棭鍥炰簡閰掑簵銆
銆銆濂硅㈢殑鏄涓ゅ崈浜屼竴澶╃殑鎴匡紝涔熺畻鏄澶у嚭琛锛屼笉杩囬厭搴楃幆澧冨緢濂斤紝鏈夊彜闊靛張淇濈暀浜嗙幇浠ｅ寲鐨勮捐★紝鍘熼Θ寰堝枩娆銆傜瓑浣熼儲鍑洪櫌浜嗭紝濂规墦绠椾篃缁欎汉鎺ュ嚭鏉ヤ綇涓娈垫椂闂达紝杩欐牱濂圭暀鍦ㄩ檱鍩庡勭悊浜嬫儏涔熸病浠涔堥【铏戙
銆銆鎴块棿鍦 18 妤硷紝鍑轰簡鐢垫鍙宠浆 1808锛屽ス寰堝枩娆㈣繖涓鏁板瓧锛屽悏鍒┿
銆銆韪╁湪鑺辩汗绻侀噸鐨勫湴姣涓婏紝鐏鍏夊菇闈欙紝宕旈挵鎰熻夐厭鍔叉湁鐐逛笂鏉ヤ簡锛屽ご鍙戞檿銆
銆銆蹇鍒伴棬鍙ｏ紝濂瑰湪瑁ゅ厹閲屾懜绱㈢潃鎴垮崱锛屽垰鍒氫笂鐢垫鐨勬椂鍊欒繕鍒蜂簡锛屾庝箞涓杞鐪煎張涓嶈佷簡銆
銆銆鈥︹
銆銆濂规劅瑙夎繖闂ㄦ庝箞绂诲緱杩戜簡銆
銆銆宕旈挵鎶澶达紝鐪嬭 1808 闂ㄥ彛鐨勭敺浜恒
銆銆骞藉菇鐨勭伅浣夸粬鏁翠釜浜轰汉闄疯惤鍦ㄥぇ鍗婇槾褰遍噷锛岀湁楠ㄩ珮鎸猴紝鐪肩湼婕嗛粦銆備粖澶╃┛浜嗛粦琛琛榛戣タ瑁わ紝钀芥嫇鍑屽帀锛岃繛琚栧彛鐨勮栨墸閮芥槸榛戦噾鑹诧紝涓鍓鍒氫负璧勬湰璧存堡韫堢伀鍗栧畬鍛界殑鏍峰瓙銆
銆銆濂硅垟浜嗚垟骞叉复鐨勫攪锛岃箼鐪夛細鈥滄佸紜鍛锛熶綘鍦ㄨ繖鍎垮共鍢涳紵鈥
銆銆鈥滀綘鏄庡ぉ瑕佽窡闄嗕互鏄婂悆楗鍚楋紵鈥
銆銆浠栭棶銆
銆銆鈥滃棷銆傗
銆銆宕旈挵璁茶瘽鎱㈣吘鑵撅紝鍚寰椾汉鏃犲悕鐏璧凤細鈥滄庝箞浜嗭紵涓嶅彲浠ュ悧锛熷叓鐧惧勾鍓嶇殑鍓嶄换鍒绠￠偅涔堝氫簡锛岃捣寮銆傗
銆銆濂硅茶瘽灏辨槸鏈夎繖鏍风殑鏈浜嬶紝鎯呯华閮芥病澶澶ц捣浼忥紝灏辫兘鎶婂归潰姘斿埌鍗婃汇備笉杩囧緢涔呬互鍓嶏紝浠栭兘鏄鐪嬬潃濂规皵鍒浜虹殑銆
銆銆姊佸紜鍛ㄤ笉鍙戜竴瑷锛屾妸濂规墜閲岀殑鎴垮崱鎶借蛋锛屽埛寮锛屾帹闂锛屼竴姘斿懙鎴愩
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